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C 2nd intervals

The Solution below shows the 2nd note intervals above note C, and their inversions on the piano, treble clef and bass clef.

The Lesson steps then explain how to calculate each note interval name, number, spelling and quality. The final lesson step explains how to invert each interval.

For a quick summary of this topic, and to see the important interval table used to calculate the number of semitones in each interval, have a look at Note interval.

Note interval keys and numbers
Key[C]C#DbDD#EbEE#FbFF#GbGG#AbAA#BbBB#Cb
Interval no1st[2nd]3rd4th5th6th7th8th

Solution

1. C dim2-min2-maj2-aug2 intervals

This step shows the C second intervals on the piano, treble clef and bass clef.

2nd intervals above note C

C dim2-min2-maj2-aug2 intervals
ShortMediumSpelling
/ formula
Intervals 'above' statement#Semitones
d2dim2bb2The C to Dbb interval is diminished 2nd0
m2min2b2The C to Db interval is minor 2nd1
M2maj22The C to D interval is major 2nd2
A2aug2#2The C to D# interval is augmented 2nd3

C dim2-min2-maj2-aug2 intervals

Middle C (midi note 60) is shown with an orange line under the 2nd note on the piano diagram.

These intervals are shown below on the treble clef followed by the bass clef.

C dim2-min2-maj2-aug2 intervals

C dim2-min2-maj2-aug2 intervals

Inverted intervals identifying note C

This table inverts the above intervals, so that each link in the last column leads to note C.

C 2nd inverted intervals
ShortMediumLongNote nameLink to inverted
interval
d2Cdim2C diminished 2ndDbbDbb-aug-7th
m2Cmin2C minor 2ndDbDb-maj-7th
M2Cmaj2C major 2ndDD-min-7th
A2Caug2C augmented 2ndD#D#-dim-7th

2nd intervals below note C

Intervals below
ShortMediumIntervals 'below' statement
d2dim2The diminished 2nd interval below Dbb is C
m2min2The minor 2nd interval below Db is C
M2maj2The major 2nd interval below D is C
A2aug2The augmented 2nd interval below D# is C
Audio downloads
bass clef iconBass Clef:MidiMP3treble clef iconTreble Clef:MidiMP3

Lesson steps

1. Piano key note names

This step shows the white and black note names on a piano keyboard so that the note names are familiar for later steps, and to show that the note names start repeating themselves after 12 notes.

The white keys are named using the alphabetic letters A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which is a pattern that repeats up the piano keyboard.

Every white or black key could have a flat(b) or sharp(#) accidental name, depending on how that note is used. In a later step, if sharp or flat notes are used, the exact accidental names will be chosen.

Sharp and flat note names

The audio files below play every note shown on the piano above, so middle C (marked with an orange line at the bottom) is the 2nd note heard.

Audio downloads
bass clef iconBass Clef:MidiMP3treble clef iconTreble Clef:MidiMP3

2. C major note interval positions

This step constructs the C major scale, which is necessary because all interval names in this key are calculated using this major scale as starting point.

The major scale uses the  W-W-H-W-W-W-H  note counting rule to identify the scale note positions.

To count up a Whole tone, count up by two physical piano keys, either white or black.

To count up a Half-tone (semitone), count up from the last note up by one physical piano key, either white or black.

The tonic note - C ,shown with an asterisk (*), is the starting point and is always the 1st note in the major scale.

The tonic is also the note from which intervals will be calculated in later steps - ie. all calculated intervals will have higher note pitches than the tonic.

C major note positions

Again, the final 8th note is the octave note, having the same name as the tonic note.
C major note positions
No.12345678
NoteCDEFGABC
Audio downloads
bass clef iconBass Clef:MidiMP3treble clef iconTreble Clef:MidiMP3

3. C major interval qualities

This step identifies the interval quality and formula / spelling for each note in the major scale, then identifies the second note of the major scale, and decides whether the interval quality is either perfect or major.

The table and piano diagram below show the 8 notes (7 scale major notes + octave note) in the C major scale together with the interval quality for each.

Perfect or major?

The interval quality for each note in this major scale is always perfect or major. So the 1st, 4th, 5th and 8th are always perfect, and the rest are always major. This rule is fixed all major scales in all keys, so you will never see a perfect 3rd or a major 4th interval.

The difference between the perfect and major intervals is that perfect interval notes sound more perfect / pleasing to the ear than major intervals - ie. are more consonant / less disonant, when played together (harmonic interval) with, or alongside(melodic interval) the tonic note.

C major interval qualities
No.12345678
NoteCDEFGABC
#Semitones0245791112
Qualityperfectmajormajorperfectperfectmajormajorperfect
Spelling
/ formula
12345678

C perfect and major intervals

Interval spelling / formula

In music theory, note intervals can also be expressed using using a spelling or formula, which mean the same thing. You may have seen a chord expressed as 1 b3 5, for example.

The spelling of the interval qualities in the above table will always be shown without any sharp(#) or flat(b) symbols, since these extra symbols represent the difference of the note from the major scale. And since the above table shows the intervals of the major scale, no sharp / flat adjustments are needed.

Using just the notes we have in the major scale above, a chord spelling of 1 3 5 uses the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes as they are, ie. the C major chord. Or a 1 3 5 7 chord adds the extra 7th note, ie. the uses the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes as they are, ie. the C maj 7 chord.

This rest of this page will focus on the relationship between the tonic note - C, and the intervals surrounding the 2nd major scale note - D, whose interval quality is major. So we will definitely see extra sharp or flat spelling symbols there.

4. C 2nd interval pitches

This step identifies the note positions of the C 2nd intervals on a piano keyboard.

Having established that the major 2nd interval of the C major scale is note D, this step will explore the other 2nd intervals next this note.

A major interval always has 3 other intervals grouped around it - one higher and two lower:

> One half-tone / semitone up from the major interval is the augmented interval.

> One half-tone / semitone down from the major interval is the minor interval.

> One half-tone / semitone down from the minor interval is the diminished interval.

The interval number (2nd) is added to the end, resulting in interval names going from the lowest note pitch to the highest:

2nd interval quality Names
ShortMediumLongSpelling
/ formula
#Semitones
d2dim2diminished 2ndbb20
m2min2minor 2ndb21
M2maj2major 2nd22
A2aug2augmented 2nd#23

Interval spelling / formula

Each interval has a spelling that represents its position relative to the major interval.

Flat signs (b) are used for intervals lower, and sharp (#) for intervals higher.

Interval short and medium names

Each interval name also has short and medium abbreviations, which are just different names for the same interval that you might see.

The short names are used in the piano diagram below to show the exact interval positions, with the orange number 0 representing the major interval, and the other orange numbers showing the number of half-tones / semitones up or down relative to that major interval.

C 2nd interval pitches

The exact note names, including sharps and flats, of each of these intervals will be covered in the next step.

Audio downloads
bass clef iconBass Clef:MidiMP3treble clef iconTreble Clef:MidiMP3

5. C 2nd intervals

This step identifies the note names of the C 2nd intervals on a piano keyboard.

To calculate the correct interval names, just like the previous step, the major 2nd note is used as the starting point for working out interval information around it.

The major 2nd note name is D, and so all intervals around it must start with the note name D, ie. be a variation of that name, with either sharps or flats used describe the interval difference in half-tones / semitones from any given interval note to the major 2nd.

Sharps or flats will be added or cancelled to force all interval names to start with D. Even if that involves using double and triple-sharps and flats.

C 2nd intervals
ShortMediumLongSpelling
/ formula
Note name#Semitones
d2Cdim2C diminished 2ndbb2Dbb0
m2Cmin2C minor 2ndb2Db1
M2Cmaj2C major 2nd2D2
A2Caug2C augmented 2nd#2D#3

C 2nd intervals

Middle C (midi note 60) is shown with an orange line under the 2nd note on the piano diagram.

These intervals are shown below on the treble clef followed by the bass clef.

C 2nd intervals

C 2nd intervals

But why is this done ? To get the missing piece of the puzzle, we need to return to the interval number - the 2nd.

Not only does this number describe the note number of the major interval in the major scale, but it also describes the number of either lines or spaces on the staff between the tonic note and all intervals sharing that number - 2nd, be they called diminished, minor, major, perfect or augmented.

On either the treble or bass clef above, count the number of lines and spaces - starting from 1 at the tonic note (the lowest note), and ending on a given interval, and the last line or space having the interval you want will be 2nd line or space.

So this naming system forces all related 2nd intervals to share the same treble / bass clef line or space, as ultimately they are all 2nds, but each interval having different interval quality names (major, minor, diminished etc).

However, this explanation does not hold for intervals that are measured starting from double sharps or flats, but is useful in other cases.

Audio downloads
bass clef iconBass Clef:MidiMP3treble clef iconTreble Clef:MidiMP3

6. C 2nd inverted intervals

This step explains how to invert note intervals, then identifies the C 2nd inverted note intervals shown in previous steps.

Note interval inversion

An inverted interval is just an interval that is turned upside down.

For example, in the steps above, one of the intervals we measured was a major 2nd above C, which is note D.

In contrast, an inverted interval specifies the distance from D to C - ie. note C is above note D.

A set of fixed rules exist to help us calculate the new quality name and interval number:

Note interval quality inversion rules

> A major interval always inverts to a minor interval.

> A minor interval always inverts to a major interval.

> A perfect interval always inverts to a perfect interval - no change.

> A diminished interval always inverts to a augmented interval.

> An augmented interval always inverts to a diminished interval.

Note interval number inversion rules

Simply subtract the original interval number from 9, resulting in the inverted interval number.

C 2nd interval inversions

Taking the above rules into account, below is the table shown in the previous step, but with an extra column at the end for the link to the inverted interval quality in each case.

C 2nd inverted intervals
ShortMediumLongNote nameLink to inverted
interval
d2Cdim2C diminished 2ndDbbDbb-aug-7th
m2Cmin2C minor 2ndDbDb-maj-7th
M2Cmaj2C major 2ndDD-min-7th
A2Caug2C augmented 2ndD#D#-dim-7th